Quarantine - To isolate or maintain is isolation. A method of allowing hazards like pests and diseases to manifest themselves before releasing the subject from quarantine.

Quiescence - To be at rest. A period of deep inactivity. Similar to hibernation.

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Ramet - An individual member of a clone, derived from an ortet.

Receptivity - The condition of the female flower that permits effective pollination.

Rocky Mountains - In the Forest Service, an area that includes the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas west of the 100th meridian, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and the eastern three-quarters of Wyoming.

Rejuvenate - Restore youth: A mature plant, having completed its life cycle (flowering), may be stimulated by a new 18 hour photoperiod, to rejuvenate or produce new vegetative growth.

REI (Acronym) - Re-Entry Interval. (See PPE.)After spraying EPA-registered pesticides into greenhouses and other structures, a period of time must pass before greenhouse employees are allowed back into the facility without the proper PPE. Residual - As it pertains here, residual refers to two things: Effect and Period (Duration). The residual effect of a particular chemical may be moderately toxic, while it may also have a residual period of many weeks — remaining moderately toxic, at least to the biocontrols agents anyway.

Reservoir - The container in a hydroponic system which holds nutrient solution in reserve for use.

Reverse Osmosis - The process of removing minerals from water, which is forced by pressure through a differentially permeable membrane, filtering out the minerals; can happen when growers accidentally apply too strong of a nutrient to a plant's roots, leeching life out of the plant.

Rhizobiurn bacteria - Nitrogen fixing bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants.

Rockwool - Inert, soil less growing medium consisting of woven, thin strand-like fibers made from molten volcanic rock and limestone, which is heated to over 2900 degrees F, extruded, and formed into slabs, cubes and blocks.

Saddle - A ridge connecting two higher elevations.

Samara - A dry, indehiscent, winged fruit, one-seeded as in Fraxinus and Ulmus or two-seeded as in Acer.

Sapling - A tree more than 0.9 in (3 ft) in height and less than 10.2 cm (4 in) in d.b.h.

Savannah - Essentially lowland tropical and subtropical grassland, generally with a scattering of trees and/or shrubs. If woody growth is absent it is termed a grass savannah; with shrubs and no trees, a shrub savannah; or with shrubs and widely irregularly scattered trees, a tree savannah.

Scarification (for seed) - Pregerminative treatment to make seed coats permeable to water and gases; accomplished usually by mechanical abrasion or by soaking seeds briefly in a strong acid or other chemical solution.

Schist - A metamorphic crystalline rock having a closely foliated structure divisible along approximately parallel planes.

Scion - An aerial plant part, often a branchlet that is grafted onto the root-bearing part of another plant.

Sclerenchyma - A protective or supporting tissue in higher plants composed of cells with walls thickened and lignified and often mineralized.

Sedimentary - Formed by or from deposits of sediment. Seed coat (testa) - The outer coat of the seed derived from the integument(s).

Seedling - A tree grown from seed that has not yet reached a height of 0.9 m (3 ft) or exceeded 5.1 cm (2 in) in d.b.h., which would qualify it as a sapling.

Seed tree - The cutting method that describes the silvicultural system in which the dominant feature is the removal of all trees except for a small number of seed bearers left singly or in small groups, usually 20 to 25 per hectare (8 to 10 per acre). The seed trees are generally harvested when regeneration is established. An even-age stand results.

Selection - See Group selection and Individual tree selection.

Self-pruning - See Natural pruning.

Selfing (self pollination) - The pollination of an individual or biotype with its own pollen, the offspring being termed selfs.

Sere - A sequence of plant communities that successively follow one another in the same habitat from the pioneer stage to a Mesic climax.

Serotinous - Late in developing; particularly applied to plants that flower or fruit late in the season and to fruit and cones that remain closed for a year or more after the seeds mature, but also to bud opening, leaf shedding, etc.

Serpentine - A mineral or rock consisting essentially of a hydrous magnesium silicate. It usually has a dull green color and often a mottled appearance.

Serpentinite - A rock consisting almost wholly of serpentine minerals derived from the alteration of previously existing divine and pyroxene.

Sessile - Without a stalk; sitting directly on its base. Shade-tolerance classes - Very intolerant, intolerant, intermediate, tolerant, very tolerant.

Shelterwood - The cutting method that describes the silvicultural system in which, in order to provide a source of seed and/or protection for regeneration, the old crop (the shelterwood) is removed in two or more successive shelterwood cuttings. The first cutting is ordinarily the seed cutting, though it may be preceded by a preparatory cutting, and the last is the final cutting. Any intervening cutting is termed a removal cutting. An even-age stand results.

Sialic - Light rock rich in silica and alumina, and typical of the outer layer of the earth.

Silvicultural system - A process whereby forests are tended, harvested, and replaced, resulting in a forest of distinctive form. Systems are classified according to the method of carrying out the fellings that remove the mature crop with a view to regeneration and according to the type of forest thereby produced. These are individual tree selection, group selection, shelterwood, seed tree, and clearcut.

Site class - A measure of the relative productive capacity of a site based upon the volume or height (dominant, codominate, or mean) or the maximum mean annual increment of a stand that is attained or attainable at a given age.

Site index (Sl) - A measure of site class based upon the height of the dominant trees in a stand at an arbitrarily chosen age, most commonly at 50 years in the East and 100 years in the West.

Skep - A woven straw beehive.

Soil orders - The 10 soil orders used by the Soil Conservation Service of the USDA in their basic system of soil classification are: Alfisol, Aridisol, Entisol, Histosol, Inceptisol, Mollisol, Oxisol, Spodosol, Ultisol, and Vertisol.

Solum - The upper and most weathered part of the soil profile, i.e., the A and B horizons.

Southeastern - In the Forest Service, an area that includes Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida.

Southern - In the Forest Service, an area that includes Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma and Texas east of the 100th meridian.

Southern pines - Within the United States, the 10 species of hard pines with major portions of their ranges below the Mason-Dixon line, i.e., longleaf, shortleaf, slash, loblolly, spruce, Virginia, sand, pitch, Table Mountain, and pond pine.

Sporangium - A hollow, unicellular or multicellular saclike, spore-producing structure.

Sporophyll - A modified leaf or leaflike structure which bears sporangia, e.g., the stamens and carpel of the angiosperms.

Staminate - Having pollen-bearing organs (stamens) only. May apply to individual male plants of a dioecious species or to flowers, inflorescences, or strobili.
Stand density - A measure of the degree of crowding of trees within stocked areas, commonly expressed by various growing-space ratios such as crown length to tree height, crown diameter to diameter at breast height (1.37 m or 4.5 ft above the ground) (d.b.h.); crown diameter to tree height; or of stem (triangular) spacing to tree height.

Stemflow - Precipitation that is intercepted by vegetative cover and runs down the stem or major axes of such cover.

Steppe - Arid land with xerophilous vegetation usually found in regions of extreme temperature range and loess soil.

Stereome - A collective physiological term for all supporting tissues in a plant, such as sclerenchyma and collenchyma.

Sterigma - A peg-shaped projection to which the leaves of some conifers (as spruces) are attached on the twigs.

Stigma - The part of the pistil, usually the tip, often sticky, which receives the pollen and upon which the pollen germinates.

Stipe - A supporting stalk, such as the stalk of a pistil, a gill fungus, or the petiole of a fern leaf.

Stipule- A small structure or appendage found at the base of some leaf petioles, usually present in pairs. They are morphologically variable and appear as scales, spines, glands, or leaflike structures.

Stoma - A pore in the epidermis and the two guard cells surrounding it. Sometimes applied only to the pore.

Stool - A living stump capable of producing sprouts.

Stratification - A pregerminative treatment to break dormancy in seeds and to promote rapid uniform germination accomplished by exposing seeds for a specified time to moisture at near-freezing temperature sometimes with a preceding exposure to moisture at room temperature.

Strobilus - The male or female fruiting body of the gymnosperms.

Style - The stalk of a pistil which connects the stigma with the ovary.

Suppressed (a crown class) - Very slowly growing trees with crowns in the lower layer of the canopy and leading shoots not free. Such trees are subordinate to dominants, co dominants, and intermediates in the crown canopy. Sympatric - Species or populations inhabiting the same or overlapping areas. Cf Allopatric. Sympodial - A branching growth pattern in which the main axis is formed by a series of successive secondary axes, each of which represents one fork of a dichotomy.

Salt - Crystalline compound that results from improper pH or toxic buildup of fertilizer. Salt will burn plants, preventing them from absorbing nutrients.
Secondary nutrients - Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Short circuit - Condition that results when wires cross and forms a circuit. A short circuit will blow fuses.

Socket - Threaded, wired holder for a bulb.

Soluble - Able to be dissolved in water. Spore - seed-like offspring of a fungus.

Square feet (sq. ft.) - Length (in feet) times width equals square feet.

Staminate - Male, pollen producing.

Starch - Complex carbohydrate: Starch is manufactured and stored food.

Sterilize - Make sterile (super-clean) by removing dirt, germs and bacteria. A good sterilizer for hydroponic equipment is a 10 percent bleach to water solution.

Stroboscopic effect - A quick pulsating or flashing of a lamp.

Stress - A physical or chemical factor that causes extra exertion by plants: A stressed plant will not grow as well as a non-stressed plant.

Stomata - Small mouth-like or nose-like openings (pores) on leaf underside, responsible for transpiration and many other life functions: The millions of stomata must be kept very dean to function properly.

Sugar - Food product of a plant.

Super-bloom - A common name for fertilizer high in phosphorus that promotes flower formation and growth Synthesis - Production of a substance, such as chlorophyll, by uniting light energy and elements or chemical compounds.

Sump - Reservoir or receptacle that serves as a drain or holder for hydroponic nutrient solutions.

Scavenger - Something which tends to eats whatever is available as long as its dead. Something which eats detritus. Hypoaspis miles might be considered a scavenger. Fortunately certain pests are also part of their diet.

Septicemia - A poisoning or contamination of the blood. The blood becomes septic and spreads bacteria throughout the body. This can cause death and often does.

Scouting - The act of dedicated and systematic plant inspecting, specifically testing certain specimens for pestiferous insects, mites and/or diseases while giving general crop overview. Includes identification, monitoring, data extrapolation and recording. And more.

Solarize - To expose to the sun. In this case, for prolonged periods in order to kill pests and soil diseases. A method of trapping the heat energy of the sun is used, usually a heavy plastic film capable of dealing with the heat.

Spiracles - Breathing holes. An aperture or opening, or group thereof, used for the purpose of gaseous exchange for vital respiratory purposes. These spiracles are often found in rows along the sides of insects' bodies. Weird, huh? Sterilize - The clean or remove all bacterial and viral presence from something, an object, surface, etc. Prevents the transfer of pests and diseases. A clean ship... Style: Web Related - This pertains to the page you're seeing, the position of its element, the fonts or type faces, colors, image placement, etc. This site allows users to modify the default “Style.”

Symbiotic - Pertaining to a relationship between two dissimilar but interdependent organisms. This relationship is sometimes of the host-parasite variety, but to be symbiotic, it must be mutually beneficial.

Systemic - In reference to a chemical pesticide, a systemic chemical is applied to the growing medium, often in a granular or micro-encapsulated form. Its active ingredient(s) is translocated through the plant via the plant’s vascular system.

Salt - Crystalline compound that results from improper pH or toxic buildup of fertilizer. Salt will burn plants, preventing them from absorbing nutrients.

Secondary nutrients - Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg).

Short circuit - Condition that results when wires cross and forms a circuit. A short circuit will blow fuses.

Socket - Threaded, wired holder for a bulb.

Soluble - Able to be dissolved in water.

Spore - Seed-like offspring of a fungus.

Sprout – 1. A recently germinated seed 2. Small new growth of leaf or stem. Square feet (sq. ft.) - Length (in feet) times width equals square feet.
Staminate - Male, pollen producing.

Starch - Complex carbohydrate: Starch is manufactured and stored food.

Sterilize - Make sterile (super-clean) by removing dirt, germs and bacteria. A good sterilizer for hydroponic equipment is a 10 percent bleach to water solution.

Stroboscopic effect - A quick pulsating or flashing of a lamp.

Stress - A physical or chemical factor that causes extra exertion by plants: A stressed plant will not grow as well as a non-stressed plant.

Stomata - Small mouth-like or nose-like openings (pores) on leaf underside, responsible for transpiration and many other life functions: The millions of stomata must be kept very dean to function properly.

Sugar - Food product of a plant.

Super-bloom - A common name for fertilizer high in phosphorus that promotes flower formation and growth .

Synthesis - Production of a substance, such as chlorophyll, by uniting light energy and elements or chemical compounds.

Sump - Reservoir or receptacle that serves as a drain or holder for hydroponic nutrient solutions.

Saline soil - Soil in which plant growth is affected by high levels of salinity, normally associated with sodium chloride.

Salt index - A measure of the ratio of change in osmotic pressure caused by different fertilizers. Fertilizers with high salt index may cause damage when applied near or in direct contact with seeds.

Secondary Nutrients - Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg).

Side-dressed - Application of fertilizer to the side of crop rows after the seedlings have emerged.

Sodic soil - Soil in which the structure has been affected by high concentrations of exchangeable sodium.

Soil fertility - The status of soil with respect to the amount and availability of essential nutrients.

Split application - Splitting the seasonal fertilizer requirement for an annual crop, or that required over a year for a perennial crop, into a number of smaller applications. Commonly used for nitrogen and potassium, which are subject to loss through leaching and in other ways.

Stalk -On a male flower, the portion of the stamen that supports the anther.

Stamen: The basic part of the male flower that includes the stalk (or filament), anther, and pollen. Sterilization - The act of rendering something free from living cells. In hydroponics it is essential that all materials (especially any growing medium) used are sterile to avoid contaminating the hydroponic system. Steam and chemical agents are often used in this process.

Stigma - The surface at the end of the pistil on a female flower where pollen lands and germinates.

Style - The part of a female flower that supports the stigma.

Systemic - Used in reference to a disease within the plant tissue, not initiated from the external cells. Also refers to materials and compounds which are taken up or absorbed by the plant and designed to fight disease (e.g. systemic fungicide).

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Taungya method - The raising of a forest crop in conjunction with a temporary agricultural crop.

Taxon - Any formal taxonomic group such as genus, species, or variety.

Tepal - Perianth parts undifferentiated into distinct sepals and petals.

Terpene - Any of various isometric hydrocarbons found especially in essential oils (as from conifers), resins, and balsams.

Testa- The outer coat of the seed derived from the integument(s).

Tetraploid (polyploid) - A cell, tissue, or organism having four sets of chromosomes.

Thermic soil temperature - The mean annual soil temperature is 15° C (59° F) or higher but lower than 22° C (72° C), and the difference between mean summer and mean winter soil temperature is more than 5° C (9° F) at a depth of 50 cm (20 in).

Throughfall - All the precipitation reaching the forest floor minus the stemflow, i.e., canopy drip plus direct precipitation.

Top-to-root ratio or root-to-shoot ratio - The relative weights or volumes of the epicotyl and the hypocotyl of a tree seedling, expressed as a ratio.

Tracheid - An elongated, thick-walled, nonliving conducting and supporting cell found in the xylem of most vascular plants.

Triploid - A cell, tissue, or organism having three sets of chromosomes.

T.S.I. (timber stand improvement) - A loose term comprising all intermediate treatments made to improve the composition, constitution, condition, and increment of a timber stand.

Tuff - A rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually fused together by heat.

Tap root - The main or primary root that grows from the seed: Lateral roots will branch off the tap root, Teflon tape - Tape that is extremely useful to help seal all kinds of pipe joints. I like Teflon tape better than putty.

Tepid - Warm 70 to 80° F (21 to 270 C). Always use tepid water around plants to facilitate chemical processes and case shock, Terminal bud - Bud at the growing end of the main stem. Thin - Cull or weed out weak, slow growing seedlings.

Tonic life - The amount of time a pesticide or fungicide remains active or live.

Transformer - A devise in the ballast that transforms electric current from one voltage to another.

Transpire - Give off water vapor and by products via the stomata.

Trellis - Frame of small boards or PVC (lattice) that trains or supports plants.

True breed - see INBRED.

Tungsten - A heavy, hard metal with a high melting point which conducts electricity well: Tungsten is used for a filament in tungsten halogen lamps.

Thorax - The middle part of an insect, located between the head and abdomen. Akin to the human torso, if you will. The insect's legs are attached to the thorax.

Toxic - Poisonous. Toxic item cannot be consumed, touched, etc., depending. In this context it is referencing a pesticide which is toxic to biocontrol agents. If toxic to plants it's phytotoxic.

Translocate - To move or reposition something. The movement of liquids is most relevant in the context of this site.

Trap - The act (v.) or device (n.) which traps. I often refer to a trap crop which by way of providing shelter, food, diversity and good times for all bugs, works as a trap in one way. A good trap-crop system can contain all the biocontrol activity in close proximity to a cash crop. A nice bed of some selected flowering perennial plants would work.

Top-dressed - Uniform broadcast application of fertilizer to the soil surface after a crop or pasture has become established.